This independent evaluation of the Green Climate Fund’s (GCF) approach to country ownership was approved by the GCF Board as part of the 2025 workplan of the Independent Evaluation Unit (IEU) and is submitted in time for its forty-third meeting (B.43). It finds that, while country ownership is firmly embedded in the GCF’s Governing Instrument and policies, its operationalization remains uneven and fragmented, and makes recommendations to strengthen institutional arrangements and practices to better support country-driven climate action.