Mitigation and adaptation interventions are striving to have transformational effects. This evidence review operationalizes transformational change using three measurable criteria:

• A large depth of change
• A large scale of change
• Sustained change

We applied these criteria to two sectors. We approached this exercise directly by focusing on the energy sector in developing countries. We also approached this learning exercise indirectly by reviewing evidence from the public health sector on behavioural interventions (as this sector has the longest tradition of long-term studies on behavioural science).